The rapid prototyping (RP) industry certainly had its share of challenges, disappointments and bad news in 2001 and 2002. Much of this suffering resulted from a reduction in product development budgets in companies of all sizes and across many industries. In spite of decreased spending by its customers, the RP industry did not follow their lead. Instead, the industry has continued its research and development of new products, processes, materials and applications.

An impressive number of R&D projects are underway in organizations of all sizes around the world. This is truly the good news of the past year, for it demonstrates the commitment to and viability of RP technologies. With some of the funding for these efforts coming from private investors and government agencies, it is clear that those outside of the RP industry also believe in the technology. These investments in RP development promise to yield dividends well into the future.

R&D Projects
To illustrate how much good news came from the past one to two years, below is a sampling of the R&D projects going on in the U.S., Europe, Asia and other parts of the world.

ProMetal
The Department of Defense (DoD) is funding Extrude Hone's ProMetal division (Irwin, PA) to develop and integrate its metal inkjet printing process for the repair and replacement of parts for navy ships and submarines. The Office of Naval Research is sponsoring the $10.8 million project. In all, more than $20 million has been committed to ProMetal R&D in partnerships with DoD, MIT, the National Science Foundation, the Fraunhofer Society and several corporations.

Optomec
The largest RP-related program within DoD and its Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is the Mesoscopic Integrated Conformal Electronics (MICE) program. Its goal is to develop direct-write technologies for rapid prototyping and manufacturing of miniaturized mesoscale electronics on any surface. Optomec (Albuquerque, NM), the manufacturer of Laser Engineer Net Shaping (LENS), is working under the MICE program to develop Maskless Mesoscale Materials Deposition (M3D). Its objective is to produce a process that permits the manufacture of very compact and lightweight electronic systems. The four-year program is valued at $9 million.

MEMGen
This company based in Burbank, CA is commercializing technology developed at the University of Southern California. The process, named Electrochemical Fabrication (EFAB), is based on electroplating techniques for producing metal parts from the micron scale to the mesoscale of a few millimeters. In July 2002, the company announced that it had raised $5.7 million in funding. This is in addition to the $12.5 million raised in 2001.

Concept Laser
Less than a year after the announcement at EuroMold 2001, Concept Laser GmbH, a Hofmann company in Germany, has six machines running: two in-house and four at beta customer sites. The process uses a YAG laser for building 100 percent dense parts in stainless steel powder. The technology combines laser sintering, laser marking and laser machining in a single machine.

Speed Part AB
This Swedish company has developed and patented a new RP technology. The process uses infrared lamps to sinter layers of plastic powder through a mask printed on a glass plate. The fusing process for each layer takes about one second, and the entire cycle time for a layer is estimated at just 10 seconds. It is anticipated that this machine will sell for one-third the cost of existing laser-based sintering machines.

Arcam AB
This company, also of Sweden, is developing an approach called Electron Beam Melting (EBM). EBM uses an electron beam gun to melt metal powder. Unlike current sintering systems, EBM delivers the direct fabrication of steels to 99.5 percent density. The machine is named the EBM S12 and it sells for $500,000.

Envision Technologies
At EuroMold 2001, Envision Technologies of Germany showed its Perfactory RP machine. The technology uses acrylate photopolymer and Digital Light Processing (DLP) technology from Texas Instruments. The projected image from the DLP light source represents the cross-section that is being solidified in photopolymer. Visible light is projected from underneath, so the build platform is above the build area instead of below. The machine images an entire layer at once for layer cycle times of 10 to 15 seconds. The approximate price of Perfactory is $50,000.

Solidimension
This Israeli company is developing a machine that laminates thin layers of plastic to form parts. The small desktop machine uses a knife mounted to an x-y plotter mechanism to cut sequential layers from a spool of plastic material. The layers are bonded with a solvent. The manufacturer expects to offer PVC, ABS and polycarbonate.

Beijing Yinhua
This company, whose full name is Beijing Yinhua Laser Rapid Prototypes Making and Mould Technology Company Ltd., was launched from Tsinghua University of Beijing, China. The company-university effort is developing several systems, including machines for medical applications. One machine builds porous scaffold structures for tissue engineering and cell generation. Two years of testing on 105 rabbits and 42 dogs have shown compelling results. Separately, Tsinghua University is developing a process and stereolithography system for the creation of clear plastic aligners to straighten human teeth. The process is similar to the Invisalign process from Align Technology here in the U.S.

Shanghai Union Technology
This Chinese company is developing and selling three stereolithography machines that differ in laser power and build volume. Another class of machine from the company is a concept modeler that uses a 100-watt short arc mercury lamp to cure resin that is produced in-house.

Wuhan Binhu Mechanical & Electrical Co.
Huazhong University of Science & Technology in Whuhn, Hubei, China, launched this company. The organization is developing and selling machines that are similar to laser sintering from 3D Systems (Valencia, CA) and EOS and LOM from Cubic Technologies (Carson, CA). The university RP center, consisting of 120 people, is likely the largest RP research and development group in the world.

Other highlights of the past year include (listed at random):

• Objet Geometries (Israel) continues to develop its PolyJet 3-D printing process and the photopolymers used in the machine.

• 3D Systems (Valencia, CA) is developing and commercializing an improved version of its Multi-Jet Modeling (MJM) technology. The 3-D printer, named InVision si2, deposits and hardens acrylic photopolymer in a process that is similar to Objet's 3-D printers.

• EOS of Germany continues to push the envelope with large build volumes and dual lasers to improve build speed. The introduction of the company's 20-micron metal powders has captured the attention of many.

• Solidica (Ann Arbor, MI) is developing and commercializing Ultrasonic Consolidation, a process that uses ultrasonic welding to produce aluminum parts.

• Stratasys (Eden Prairie, MN) is developing and testing its Titan machine technology for processing high-temperature mater-ials, including polyphenylsulfone.

• Japanese stereolithography maker CMET has developed and introduced the Soliform Multi 600 and Soliform Multi 1000 products that offer either dual or quad lasers to improve build speed.

• Z Corp. (Burlington, MA) announced ZCast for printing foundry tooling used to produce metal castings. The process is fast (one to two days) and the castings are acceptable for many prototyping applications.

• AeroMet (Eden Prairie, MN) is developing a process called Laser Additive Manufacturing (LAM) that uses powder titanium and a CO2 laser to form near shape parts. The company is focusing almost exclusively on the production of large titanium parts for the aerospace industry.

• SRI International (Menlo Park, CA) is developing a process called Direct Photo Shaping. It is mechanically similar to stereolithography, but uses a deformable mirror device (DMD), instead of a laser, to expose an entire layer at one time.

• CAM-LEM (Cleveland, OH) is developing a lamination process that builds ceramic and metal parts. Much of the work on the technology, which is similar to LOM, was completed at Case Western Reserve University.

• Materialise of Belgium is pushing the limit on the size of stereolithography. Its largest machine has a build capacity equivalent to five SLA 7000 machines.

• Therics (Princeton, NJ) is using its 3DP license from MIT to manufacture medical products ranging from time-release medications to resorbable scaffolding, and implants for cartilage, tendon and bone substitutes.

• MicroTEC of Germany is developing manufacturing processes used to produce miniature parts in photopolymer. The processes are offered under the RMPD (Rapid Micro Product Development) trade name.

• The POM Group (Auburn Hill, MI) is commercializing direct Metal Deposi-tion (DMD), a process that uses a CO2 laser and powder feed system to produce metal parts. The University of Michigan completed much of the work under a contract from the U.S. Department of Energy.

• Solidscape (Merrimack, NH) continues to refine and commercialize its inkjet printing technology for producing small but intricate patterns. Interpore Cross International, a U.S. medical device company, is operating 32 ma-chines from Solidscape to produce investment casting patterns for titanium spinal implants.

• F&S GmbH of Germany is developing and commercializing a process called Selective Laser Melting (SLM) that is similar to laser sintering. MCP - HEK Tooling GmbH is marketing and servicing the equipment.

• In 2001, 3D Systems (Valencia, CA) acquired French RP machine developer OptoForm SARL. OptoForm's machine technology uses photocurable pastes and can process ceramics, metals and other composite materials. OptoForm LLC, a company formed by 3D Systems and DSM Somos (New Castle, DE) continues to develop the technology in California in cooperation with several partner test sites.

• Generis GmbH, also of Germany, is commercializing its GS 1500 system. The machine uses wide-area inkjet printing to bond layers of sand into large sand molds and cores for metal castings.

• Unirapid of Japan offers a stereolithography machine that uses a lamp and fiber optics to deliver the UV light.